Education Spending by Indian States Falls Over a Decade, Data Shows
The ongoing youth protests at Jantar Mantar in Delhi and other cities, demanding the resignation of Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan, have drawn attention to the state of education in India. A recent analysis by The Indian Express reveals that the Education Ministry's share of the Union Budget has declined sharply over the past 12 years — from 4.6% in 2013-14 to 2.5% in 2025-26. This suggests a reduced prioritisation of education by the central government.
However, education is not solely the domain of the Union government. Under the Indian Constitution, education falls under the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule, which divides powers between the Centre and states. Both can legislate on education. Therefore, state-level spending is a critical indicator of policy emphasis.
An examination of states' expenditure on education as a percentage of their total spending reveals a concerning trend. The national average for all states and Union Territories has declined from around 17% in 2013-14 to lower levels in subsequent years. This mirrors the decline in central spending.
While the national average has dipped, some states have bucked the trend. Delhi, governed by the Aam Aadmi Party, allocated a higher share than the average for many years, focusing on health and education. Bihar also spends above the national average. In contrast, states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat have often spent below the average. For instance, Kerala's share fell after the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020.
The gross enrolment ratio (GER) for secondary education (Classes 9-12) provides context. Bihar's GER is 45, while Kerala's is 94, reflecting differing educational outcomes and needs. A low GER indicates greater need for investment.
The long-term decline in education spending by both Centre and states raises concerns about the future of education in India. While protests highlight immediate grievances, the data underscores a systematic trend that requires policy attention.
